To solve problems, we first define “problem” as the undesirable gap between the desired condition and the actual condition of something important. As such, a problem is an effect resulting from the interaction of either known or unknown causes. A “solution” involves taking corrective actions to close the problem gap by eliminating or mitigating the causes of the problem. Hence, in order to achieve an enduring solution, it is necessary to identify all of the problem’s causes. For most problems, there are direct causes, which are near in time and distance to the problem effects they produce. These direct causes are more apparent and, therefore, easier to detect. There are also, however, additional higher level, or “root” causes to a significant problem. These causes are further away in time and distance, and, therefore, much more difficult to detect.